Given the trivial negative effects We conclude by descriptively examining time use among a comparably aged subset of the new CDS cohort in 2014 to adolescents in our main data, offering suggestive evidence of recent trend lines in behavior among US children, and providing relevant contemporary context for our findings. endstream Effects of Active and Passive Leisure on Cognition in Children We then coupled these daily county-level values of sunlight to the PSID CDS based on the individual days when the time diaries were completed and the places children lived using a restricted access version of the core data. Leisure and religious activity participation and mental health: gender analysis of older adults in Nepal. Recent work finds that rainfall seems to depress subjective life satisfaction in cross-sectional but not longitudinal models, with effect sizes in the former that are trivial compared to other determinants of mood like economic status (Barrington-Leigh and Behzadnejad 2017). << His current research focuses on how urban spatial structure affects health and well-being and contributes to stratification and life chances. 2007). >> 6 0 obj Nikkelen, Sanne W C, Patti M. Valkenburg, Mariette Huizinga, and Brad J. Bushman. >> Ludyga, Sebastian, Markus Gerber, Serge Brand, Edith Holsboer-Trachsler, and Uwe Phse. These effects are meaningfully large in a real-world sense, ranging from a rise or fall of a fifth to more than half a standard deviation in math scores per additional daily hour spent on the specific activity. One conclusion is rather clear: in 2014, American children are still engaging in far more passive than active leisure, whatever their background. Health benefits of serious involvement in leisure activities among older Korean adults. For total screen time, the effect size is a more modest reduction of about one-fifth of a standard deviation with each additional daily hour. The effects of sedentary behavior and screen time are particularly meaningful, given that by the 2007 wave, the adolescents in our data spent over 2.5 hours each day performing these passive leisure activities. Our core data come from the original CDS module of the PSID (Panel Study of Income Dynamics 2017). 2015; Prakash et al. The extant evidence illustrates that activity (and inactivity) may be related both to physical changes in the brain itself, along with cognitive improvements that can positively affect test performance through numerous channelsincluding those that relate to behavior (e.g., ability to focus) rather than intellectual skill per se. Data missingness is not a trivial concern using PSID-CDS data; in the inaugural 1997 wave, about 20 percent of families otherwise eligible and contributing to the study did not complete time diaries. k#/m,]K9>Bk#.ku}uVj6^C |5>_:+5q/` Kq! p>KGFk}g $o^:G\f^;.^' {N?Fu6e:}o^:G\f^;.^' {N?]tr"{/+RI%Ve?/^u5`!,Ve?/^u5`!,Ve?/^u5`!,^W? Zhao M, Wang Y, Wang S, Yang Y, Li M, Wang K. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Miguel, Edward, Shanker Satyanath, and Ernest Sergenti. Quantitative work generally supports the notion that material and cultural resources are predictive of enrollment in more formalized activity (Weininger, Lareau, and Conley 2015), and that these cultivated time uses positively predict school achievement and test scores (Gaddis 2013; Jger 2011). Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Benefits such as: improving of cardiovascular health helping a person manage his or her weight lowering calories and cholesterol reducing blood pressure strengthening bond or relationship with other people Graham, J. W., Allison E. Olchowski, and Tamika D. Gilreath. Taken together, these findings suggest that the impact of the weather on mood is rather ambiguous, and that sunlight seems to affect outcomes chiefly through the act of being in- or outdoorsthat is, through activity and behavior. Tests that measure aptitude are only imperfect proxies of cognitive ability, and necessarily signal other noncognitive factors like motivation or goal orientation (Heckman and Kautz 2013). Specifications that were not bounded by lag time restrictions produced substantively similar results, but with smaller coefficients and greater precision, consistent with the growth in sample size and reduced signal after including cases where testing substantially lags or precedes treatment. Though we match sunlight data to the single time diary day, we recognize that these discrete daily averages will usually reflect the time of year they take place in. Several longitudinal studies have found early exposure to media and television in both infants and toddlers to predict worse cognitive outcomes later (Tomopoulos et al. With the emergence of smartphones and tablets, many children may be consuming media while they are primarily waiting for their parents at school, being driven home, and so forth. Moreover, the effect sizes range from a fifth to more than half a standard deviation per additional daily hour of activity, rendering them meaningful in a real-world sense. There is also the possibility that our results are driven by differences in the bioavailability of vitamin D, which aside from specific foods like fortified milk is largely endogenously produced via sunlight. Active recreation Definition 2023 Apr 6;15:1132871. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1132871. /Type /XObject Because executive function seems especially sensitive to interventions in activity, this suggests that test performance could be affected by, for instance, impulse inhibition more so than improvements in working memory or reaction time. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. The regression coefficient found that club/organization or volunteering (P = 0.008), homemaking/maintenance (P = 0.017) and traveling (P = 0.017) for active leisure activities were statistically significant predictors of Life Satisfaction Index - Z for older adults. Esteban-Cornejo, Irene, Carlos Tejero-Gonzalez, James F. Sallis, and Oscar L. Veiga. Aside from cross-sectional correlates, which are suggestive of better overall health profiles and the long-run lifestyle differences they reflect, other work finds that even relatively modest short-term interventions in physical activity can manifest in changes in measured cognitive function. 10 0 obj 2015). For instance, we might expect less sunlight during a storm spell to result in more sedentary time at home, and less time engaging in physical activity outdoors. For practical purposes, we believe our findings lend further support to the general notion that, ceteris paribus, physical activity seems to generally be a positive factor in child development, while sedentary and screen behavior seem to evince the opposite effect. Outdoor recreation in protected areas negatively impacts wildlife endobj Whether the convergence in time use among subgroups or positive trends in behavior compared to earlier cohorts manifest in any measurable effect on test performance gaps either in the PSID or more broadly is an open question. << 7 0 obj In their small-scale experimental study, Keller et al. /Length 21 0 R Cutaneous exposure to ultraviolet light has long been recognized as degrading folic acidor B9, an essential vitamin that acts as a precursor to DNA methylationin both clinical trials and in vivo (Off et al. Positive and Negative Effects of Exercise | livestrong /Filter /FlateDecode Conceptually, we do not necessarily see this as a violation of the exclusion restriction because in order to get the benefits of sunlight on cognitive performance via the vitamin D pathway, children do still need to go outside and expose their skin to the sun, as even conventional window glass blocks most ultraviolet rays. Yet because we found that only a small minority of families move across waves (about 10 percent of the sample over the 10-year span), and even then mostly to geographically proximate locales, we feel this is an unrealistic candidate confounder. Somewhat encouragingly, we did not see an overall uptick in total screen time, television consumption, or sedentary activity when comparing adolescents in our module to the new 2014 CDS cohort. Supplementary material is available at Social Forces online. /Subtype /Image For instance, there could in theory be some character trait that prompts a simultaneous migration to the Sunbelt and an outsized growth in cognition, which would bias our estimates upward. /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB PMC WebRecent research including meta-analyses have clearly underlined the negative impact of seated occupational activities on overall mortality (11, 12). Thomas Laidley, Dalton Conley, The Effects of Active and Passive Leisure on Cognition in Children: Evidence from Exogenous Variation in Weather, Social Forces, Volume 97, Issue 1, September 2018, Pages 129156, https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soy020. Aim: Using extensive qualitative evidence, Lareau (2000, 2002) describes how the leisure time of children in middle-class families is highly structured and organized compared to the more informal, family-oriented working-class home environment. We use both applied problems (open-ended math word problems) and broad reading (reading, writing, and oral exercises) age-standardized scores as outcomes, but present the results for the latter in the online appendix (appendix table S2) because our time use variables of interest fail to significantly predict verbal assessment. Before We Persons interested in obtaining PSID Restricted Data Files should contact PSIDHelp@isr.umich.edu. Active engagement of one self to sports and recreational activities certainly gives benefits. and preferences for urban green spaces Lillard, Angeline S., and Jennifer Peterson. However, little research has addressed heat-coping behaviours of elderly residents and whether green spaces play a role for this risk group during heat periods. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Recreation, passive Definition | Law Insider It is also important to remember that our findings consist of local average treatment effects, where only children that actually accepted the treatmentcompliers, who are induced to go outside in sunny weather but who otherwise might not, for examplecontribute to our estimates. "(($#$% '+++,.3332-3333333333 * The differences in the effects of physical and outdoor activity are more difficult to speculate on because all children exhibit relatively low levels of either behavior. BMC Public Health. Recreational Trails on Wildlife Species: Aging Ment Health. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. His other interests include housing affordability and the growth and development of cities and the regions they anchor. Boys may thus reach a saturation point after which each additional unit of electronic media consumption no longer appreciably affects performance. Other reviews of medium-term interventions find more general positive cognitive effectsthat is, across domains that include academic skillsbut effect sizes differ widely among the studies (Lees and Hopkins 2013). /BitsPerComponent 8 There are also other more clinically significant sun-related factors that work in the opposite direction, and would bias our estimates downward. The contribution of the smartphone use to reducing depressive symptoms of Chinese older adults: The mediating effect of social participation. Outdoor recreation in protected areas negatively impacts wildlife There is also the related question of what cognition as it is customarily rendered in the social sciences signifies. We begin by leveraging the longitudinal aspect of the data and employ an individual fixed-effects (FE) approach, which zeros out any time-invariant factors. The second and third waves followed up on eligible minors in 2002 and 2007, respectively, with any child 18 or over transferring to the Transition to Adulthood (TA) supplement, which consists of a more limited array of data that do not include time diaries or cognitive assessments. endstream 11 0 obj Thus some children may be substituting physically active behavior for, say, watching television, while for others that same active leisure may be impinging on studying or practicing violin. /Filter /DCTDecode Because we view this in theory as more or less a dose-response relationship in the short and medium termlike a milder cousin to other exposures that induce changes in cognitive assessment, like neighborhood violence (e.g., Sharkey 2010)we exclude observations where the WJ-R test was administered before the time diary day, and cap the lag time at nine days so as to avoid an unrealistic coupling of exposure and outcome. TABLE 3 Table 3. 2009). That is, because we deliberately exclude many kinds of behavior that could fall under the outside/active (e.g., walking to or from school) or sedentary (e.g., doing homework on the couch) categories, reductions in one do not necessarily lead to increases in the other. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Note: Cluster-robust standard errors are in parentheses. In the realm of public health, small-scale RCT and other experimental studies could help uncover what mechanisms are at play in deconstructing causal pathways, while other research using observational data and quasi-experimental methodology can lend support to or undermine our findings. WebThese recreational activities can reduce the stress that may be caused by adverse environmental conditions and also make a positive contribution to the mental and physical health of the individual and the development of his social life (Ozer and Cavuolu, 2014). Recreation Future work in the social sciences could integrate these differences in active and passive leisure into theoretical models that seek to explain why life chances so noticeably diverge among children. a !1AQa"q2B#$Rb34rC%Scs5&DTdEt6UeuF'Vfv7GWgw(8HXhx )9IYiy Effect All remaining errors are ours alone. Int J Qual Stud Health Well-being. 2007 Oct 22;7:299. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-7-299. /Height 42 During your workout, your blood pressure endstream Thus for certain subpopulations, narrowing time use differences among children may aid in helping shrink gaps in assessment and academic achievement more generally. If higher-SES children are watching National Geographic and their peers are watching daytime talk shows, one might expect a qualitatively different effect. One reason could be a systematic difference in opportunity cost structures, such that some children are substituting active behavior for less productive time use. Regular physical activity exerts beneficial effects on onset and progression of a number chronic diseases, well-being, and has positive effect to communities and societies. (2009) find that among adults over 45, sunlight is positively associated with cognitive assessment, but only among individuals suffering from depression. The site is secure. Thus while we instrument with the average sunlight in KJ/m2 over the 24-hour period consistent with a time diary recorded on, say, Wednesday, June 5, we recognize by virtue of seasonality that we will in many cases be approximating sunlight on Tuesday the fourth, Thursday the sixth, and so on. 1369 Recent research, however, suggests that vitamin D deficiency among blacks may be an artifact of conventional testing methods, and that levels of bioavailable 25-hydroxyvitamin D are similar to whites due to the presence of a related hormone marker that is not customarily measured (Powe et al. Quasi-experimental studies on the cognitive effects of computer use have found that effects are largely null (Fairlie and Robinson 2013), or negative but modest in magnitude (Vigdor, Ladd, and Martinez 2014). endobj If children are customarily indoors and relatively inactive whatever their background, why might we see such a difference in effect sizes? In this paper we use individual-level fixed effects coupled with a quasi-experimental research design, instrumenting active and sedentary behaviors with sunlight in trying to determine the cognitive effects of time use. Influence of Leisure Competence and Level of Leisure Activity on Life Satisfaction in Low-Income Older Adults in Rural South Korea. Among the stratified results, the clearest differences are among the college- and non-college-educated caregiver subsamples (table 2). Yet other experimental research has found that even very short exposures (i.e., minutes, not hours) to high-intensity media can depress the executive functioning in children (Lillard and Peterson 2011), negatively mirroring related RCT study findings in physical activity. Lundborg, Petter, Paul Nystedt, and Dan-Olof Rooth. 12 0 obj Related research also highlights a growing SES disparity in adolescent obesity prevalence that is masked by a recent trend of overall stabilization, consistent with gaps in relevant time use (Frederick, Snellman, and Putnam 2014). endobj The negative effect of sedentary behavior is less substantial, but still accounts for a reduction of about a fifth of a standard deviation with each additional hour.
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negative effect of passive recreational activities 2023