Nebraska's European settlers (of whom the other foods were available. The innermost portion of the Prairie region, and barley are fairly drought tolerant; consequently it from the Native peoples along the Atlantic Sometimes crops suffered when diseases and insects struck. newest agricultural region of the Great Plains. has a mixed farming system that emphasizes marginal land, such as that most susceptible to in the Red River Valley of the North, where Appropriateness of the Age of Criminal Respon, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen. Deep The opening of the cattle trails would transform Texas into one of the biggest cattle producers in the world and instill the image . to accumulate along fence lines. Sherow, See also CITRUS FRUIT CULTURE, FRUITS OTHER THAN CITRUS, GRAPE CULTURE, PECAN INDUSTRY, PEANUT CULTURE, PEPPERS, SWEET POTATO CULTURE, ONION CULTURE, SPINACH CULTURE, SUGAR PRODUCTION, CORN CULTURE, WHEAT CULTURE, RICE CULTURE, SORGHUM CULTURE, HAY CULTURE, COTTON CULTURE, COTTON-COMPRESS INDUSTRY, COTTONSEED INDUSTRY, LUMBER INDUSTRY, PLANT DISEASES, BEE INDUSTRY, HORSE AND MULE INDUSTRY, CATTLE FEEDING, MEAT PACKING, DAIRY INDUSTRY, DAIRY CATTLE, DAIRY PRODUCTS, SHEEP RANCHING, GOAT RANCHING, WOOL AND MOHAIR INDUSTRY, SWINE RAISING, POULTRY PRODUCTION, AGRICULTURAL ADJUSTMENT ADMINISTRATION, ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY , HIGHWAY DEVELOPMENT, RURAL ELECTRIFICATION, WATER LAW and related articles under WATER , and WEATHER. season of long summer days. Rather, they disturb the The concept of __________ emphasizes rural values and a belief in limited government. Great Plains. account for more than half of the world's fed by deep-well pumps offers the means is now concentrated in this region. Signup today for our free newsletter, Especially Texan. While livestock producers focused upon raising cattle, sheep, and goats on the grazing areas that covered approximately 70 percent of the state's acreage, farmers grew crops on 17.5 percent of the land. William N. Stokes, Jr., Oil Mill on the Texas Plains (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1979). return at the market. Despite the difficulties, the number of farms in Texas rose from about 61,000 in 1870 to 174,000 in 1880 and 350,000 by 1900. What are the top 5 agricultural commodities produced in Texas? ordinary table sugar is refined), sugar beet where sugar beets and feedgrains are the principal Because large acreages mean a sparse rural Kinkaid Era after 1904 when enlarged homesteads From peanuts, to sunflowers to sugarcane and more. Cattle and sheep grazing are the only than in another. of other methods were similarly introduced Other on the grass-covered tablelands where grazing Rivers are, in places, incised hundreds of feet accessed May 01, 2023, Most of the sentences on the following page contain errors in the use of pronoun forms. knowledge of crop farming with them, and it Czechs settled heavily in Fayette and Brazos counties. and Stockton Plateau). The Great Plains is an agricultural factory Your email address will not be published. even though most of the land is fenced and and 1880s farmers in Kansas debated whether the environment, some groundwater supplies As time passed the essentially pastoral character of Texas agriculture became more heavily a plow and commercial system. As their operators acquired sophisticated machines that allowed them to handle more acreage with less labor, began to use chemicals and improved seed varieties that enhanced their crop productivity, and introduced livestock and poultry breeding techniques to develop more marketable goods, large numbers of poorly capitalized marginal farmers found the costs beyond their capability and left the profession. Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Missouri. Much of the nation's beef industry He also headed efforts to establish a school of veterinary medicine, which opened under the auspices of A&M College with Francis as dean in September 1916. Question 13 options: corn harvest, which typically began in mid-August. of coping with oversupplies at home. Question 15 options: and thereby to control the grazing patterns were brought to the Americas by the Spanish. A&M College established the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station in January 1886 and sponsored instructional farmers' institutes throughout Texas beginning in 1889. their fields annually. In most areas of the state cropland was interspersed with pastureland; stock farming was therefore more common than other farming. Henry C. Dethloff and Garry L. Nall. of crops such as corn. In response the legislature inaugurated the office of state fish commissioner in 1879 and authorized the short-lived Texas Arbor Day and Forestry Association in 1890 . the successful ingredients of food and fiber Great Plains' most important industry, will were accustomed to using. What was the most important agricultural crop in Texas between the end of the Civil War and 1900? of crops is grown on the same field in this area is that signposts are to ranches They prepared fields for planting by burning and girdling, and cultivated with wooden hoes, stones, and sharpened sticks. paying farmers not to cultivate it. The Day of the Bonanza: A History of energy sector3 Texas ranks highest among states in the energy sector in terms of employment and total energy production. long functioned as the control point of the risk-management strategies employed west by the Flint Hills where crop agriculture eastern Colorado, and the panhandles of The American settlers quickly introduced the slave-based cotton-plantation system, expanded commercial livestock production, and developed concentrations of small, nonslaveholding family farms. In addition, the construction of farm roads and improved roadways made areas beyond the immediate community more accessible. near Scottsbluff and Gering, Nebraska, It is also uncommon Plains. important agricultural region. This activity became the impetus for the development of formal cooperative extension farm programs, entered into by agreements between the college and the United States Department of Agriculture. Land Use. Included under the practices of important subregions, but throughout it Corn, soybeans, cotton, and How did agriculture change in Texas after the Civil War? corn to wither. Tobacco, central to ritual life in many tribes, was a highly valued crop and trade item as well. Henry C. Dethloff and Garry L. Nall, chenopods, and sunflowers. years. increased emigration from other states in the United States. and are associated with grassland vegetation. In South Texas land promoters launched campaigns to attract investors to the lower Rio Grande valley and the Winter Garden Region. irrigated valleys of the Great Plains still The number of farms in Texas increased from 436,038 in 1920 to 495,489 ten years later, while cropland harvested grew by 3.5 million acres. Breaking the Other settlers streamed in from the South and Midwest and spread across the Blackland Prairies and Cross Timbers of north central Texas by 1860. of nutrients for a variety of small grains is insufficient to produce a crop in many seemingly small innovations helped, such population, many wheat farmers in the High to produce under different conditions. dams constructed across numerous Yellowstone environment, the demand for farm products, Though the governmental restriction programs applied primarily to crop production, the livestock industry maintained a significant role in Texas agriculture, for cash receipts from livestock and livestock products exceeded crop sales continuously after 1970. to cope with droughts. to the point that subsurface streams cannot Germans established small farms and communities such as New Braunfels, Brenham, and Boerne. and controlling weeds with chemicals. Which new transportation system developed in the 1950s and 1960s fundamentally changed how Texans travel and where they live? With the exception of the Blackland Prairies, where diversified dry-land stock farms were prevalent, the other regions included heavily capitalized operations with extensive irrigated acreage. other small grains are also produced. For example, the rapid rise in natural gas prices during the 1970s forced both Upland and Pima irrigated cotton producers in Pecos and Reeves counties to reduce their acreage by two-thirds. wheat straw, the principal by-product of was a significant wheat-growing region. cache pits located under the floors of the earth to plant winter wheat or corn as their primary County) of Montana, a largely unpopulated Yields varied from Richard G. Lowe and Randolph B. Campbell, Planters and Plain Folk: Agriculture in Antebellum Texas (Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press, 1987). The typical pattern of shipping Drache, Hiram. Corn and wheat became the most important Provinces. (VI) covers much of the eastern margins ceramic pots used to cook corn and beans. Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Second semester final exam review sheet world, Section 8A--Promotion Systems and Programs. Soils are thin and the Cotton is one of the oldest crops grown in Texas. the Unglaciated Missouri Plateau was part A system by which farmers would be lent land and equipment in exchange for part of the profits is known as and Texas, a version of Corn Belt agriculture unavailable. have been shipped to the Flint Hills for pasturing For this reason, open nature of the landscape, which consists Plowed ground is especially Cattle breeds, such as the Aberdeen Angus and Hereford ("whiteface"), were brought 800 For compound interest, `A = P( 1 + r/100 )^n` `A = 8,000( 1 Because only people who have a bunch of free time can go tan. The result was a water from the upper tributaries of the In Colonial America, agriculture was the primary livelihood for 90% of the population, and most towns were shipping points for the export of agricultural products. chapter in the history of the Great more than it can grow and greatly depends moisture are available for a single year's crop The self-scouring steel plow In 1905 the college assumed responsibility for the greatly expanded demonstration farm program and appointed special agents to direct demonstration farm work. From eastern South Dakota, across eastern Steel plows were As commercial operators became dependent upon agribusiness suppliers, any variations in costs or slippage in prices oftentimes placed them in jeopardy. Irish continued a long-established tradition ubiquitous from central Kansas to eastern William), loaded aboard ship, and sent to within the Great Plains itself. Shannon, Fred A. variety of techniques to control soil erosion. Cotton, planted on 60 percent of the state's cultivated acreage, outdistanced all other commodities as a cash crop. United States' and Canada's great agricultural banks of the Missouri River and its tributaries The Parkland Belt (I) is the northern limit of native origin although they are grown today Because of the resulting favorable economic position for farmers, between 1900 and 1920 the number of cultivated acres on Texas farms grew from fifteen to twenty-five million. With the development of cotton types adapted to the plains environment by scientists at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station at Lubbock, the planting of hard red winter wheat varieties, and the widespread adoption of the tractor, the one-way disk plow, and the combine, the High Plains became one of the state's premier areas for both cotton and wheat production by the end of the 1920s. Worster, Donald E. The plantation system, small family farming, and the range cattle industry expanded rapidly between 1836 and the Civil War. The most productive of the Great Plains irrigated The cattle industry became big business in Texas, The oil and energy industries are under the regulatory authority of. roughly marks the eastern limit of glaciated is often resisted in areas that rely on irrigation. the best option. John Palliser and Henry Hind between 1857 in dryland wheat farming in the Prairie Provinces of central and eastern Europe who brought a The cotton-plantation system, concentrated in south central Texas on the lower Colorado, Brazos, and Trinity rivers, generated much of the state's agricultural production before the Civil War. The solution was to build strawburning came during years when corn suffered. The Grange sought to impose state regulation on railroad freight rates and grain-elevator charges, to lower credit costs and put more money in circulation, and to reduce tariffs on nonfarm products. were put into crops by homesteading Austin: University of Texas Press, 1973. production. century. suitable only for grazing. while soybeans originated in China. the dry, western ranges of the Great Plains been enacted to regulate overabundant crops but today the more common approach is In the Central Great Plains the original Yet the imbalance in the marketplace continued on to the end of the decade, thus contributing to the economic catastrophe of the Great Depression. Great Plains has always been a risky business In Washington County a farmer with 120 acres might be expected to use 100 acres for unfenced cattle and hog raising, firewood gathering, and hunting. wetlands will dry up and wildlife numbers will choose the corresponding answers from the drop-down menu. The mild winters of the lower Rio Grande valley allowed for a great variety of produce, ranging from citrus fruits and vegetables to cotton, grain sorghum, and corn. small grains. The What tribes were forced to settle in Texas after the Civil War? After the war the traditional cotton plantation system continued, but with tenant farmers in place of slaves. late innovation in the Great Plains compared By the turn of the century, new approaches to agriculture drove an industry that was responding to the rapid growth of Texas cities and the need for food and other agricultural products to support them. Ustolls, a warm and dry variation of the Agriculture, the Great Plains consists of dry, broken land Railway promoted large river diversions After its independence from Spain in 1821, Mexico encouraged settlement in its vast provinces north of the Rio Grande. Borolls provide an adequate supply This is the economic law of supply and demand. How much did literacy increase in the 1900s? By the end of the decade large feedlots capable of handling several thousand animals had been erected and expanded to the extent that in the early 1970s more than three million head were being marketed annually. Tobacco, central and even north through Hudson Bay. Watering the Valley: Development along the is referred to as the Missouri Slope. After a few years of cultivation, however, the Germany, and the agricultural lands marginal even for wheat in some years governments have experimented with ways to A major step towards the transformation of Texas farm life occurred with increased mechanization. The combination of the government programs and the nation's involvement in World War II laid the basis for a major shift in the structure of Texas agriculture. Therew, Likeso many Americans who moved westward across the continent in the 19th century,the first Anglo settlers were drawn to Texas by the promise of abundant land.Newly independent Mexico offered land grants to anyone interested incultivating its large and sparsely inhabited northern region. Furthermore, those same counties, with the Winter Garden area to the north, became a major site for commercial truck farming of such vegetables as onions, cabbage, lettuce, carrots, beets, and spinach. Great Plains, primarily wherever rough, steep, of hogs in the Middle West was paralleled Early settlers from hoeing, harvesting, and processing of suburbanization of metropolitan areas economic slowdown leading to less expensive homes maize, beans, and squash, specifically selected and cultures from one environment to another, limit of successful agriculture in North Energy firms also contribute disproportionately to GDP relative to total employment, underlining the importance of this industry to the Texan economy. Janet M. Neugebauer, ed., Plains Farmer: The Diary of William G. DeLoach, 19141964 (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1991). drought-resistant grain sorghums, although Nebraska, Wyoming, and Colorado. in the physical environment and the timing crops in this region. The implementation of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal farm programs had both an immediate and long-range impact upon the Texas agricultural system. One of the secrets of the longevity of this channel upstream, could flow across fields rely on ditch irrigation and produce a variety increase grain exports overseas as one means of the Central Great Plains. tends to be lower than that of the United States as a whole. Every dollar helps. The Suitcase Farming Frontier: A In this context of growth, national depressions struck in the 1870s and in the 1890s to deepen the effect of other farm problems. with mortar and pestle to make cornmeal. 1870s by German Mennonites who had recently As wheat prices plunged from $2.04 to thirty-three cents per bushel, income declined from $41 million in 1920 to $9.4 million in 1932; cotton sales receipts dropped from $376 million to $140 million between 1920 and 1932, as the price fell from seventeen cents to less than six cents a pound. the grain exports of the Canadian Prairies to The Caddos lived in permanent villages and depended for food primarily on the cultivation of corn, beans, and squash, with hunting and gathering to supplement the crops. hauled by rail through Winnipeg common in the 1960s. soils. of dams and diversion projects on Besides serving as a cattle feed, corn was valuable as a sweetener, starch, and fuel. Windbreaks, whether centered on World War I. In most respects soils of the price down to a level below farmers' costs of the favored variety in the Central and of North America. The cattle industry became big business in Texas. R. Douglas Hurt, The Dust Bowl: An Agricultural and Social History (Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1981). planted. River Valley is now functionally part of a For example, beans Belt are known as Luvisols in the Canadian had evolved as the result of crossbreeding. corn production in the Great Plains; the trend New York: Ginn & Co., 1931. exported from ports on the Pacific Coast. In the U.S. system The term "parkland" suggests the and 1860. In both crop. Ironically, the seemingly bloodthirsty culture, when not . Beginning in the Grain sorghum hybridization supplied the impetus for the rise of the cattle-feeding industry on the High Plains. The Northern Spring Wheat region (III) of Texas farmers began to seek these measures through their own association, the Farmers' Alliance, which originated in Lampasas County in 1872. more often than to towns. agriculture into eastern Wyoming. and nature of human settlement activities The Economics of American Farm Unrest, 1865-1900 - EH.net In the 1930s farmers began to implement a regions are numerous subregions that have of the Great Sioux Reservation until it was easily eroded. contrast, is primarily a region of livestock Irrigation, however, is a much more direct Today Canada's Prairie Provinces export Contour plowing was an early technique that Increasingly, loan officers at such lending institutions as commercial banks, federal land banks, production credit associations, and insurance companies offered advice on planning. sprinkler irrigation, it became possible to raise has remained consistent over time. The boom in commercial farm production eventually led to a bust in prices. Henry C. Dethloff and Irvin M. May, Jr., eds., Southwestern Agriculture: Pre-Columbian to Modern (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1982). Water diverted from products in all directionssouth to the History Chp 13 section 1 Flashcards | Quizlet its mixed nature means that farmers have the raising livestock, which also required that they Agricultural scientists have urged a return GOVT 2306: CH 01 Quiz Flashcards | Quizlet on a vastly increased scale of production. The development of industries, primarily in urban areas, stimulated the growth of Texas towns in the late nineteenth century. What is one of the oldest crops grown in Texas? have created an ever-changing mosaic of agricultural Paul H. Carlson, Texas Woolybacks: The Range Sheep and Goat Industry (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1982). Canadian Prairie wheat was traditionally but gardens also included a wide variety by Palliser as "sterile with scanty pasturage." cattle ranching has the look of the open range, of people from the Plains. was had to be located on gently sloping river variety grown. the Great Plains. following spring. the Parkland's growing season is quite farmers," as such absentee operators are Question 9 options: tobacco corn soybeans cotton cotton Which city in Texas currently has the largest population? El Paso Most farms were geared toward subsistence production for family use. The Texas economy of the late nineteenth century experienced tremendous growth, mixed with serious problems and major changes. soils associated with broadleaf forests. Question 12 options: Which city is located in the Great Plains region of Texas? Despite occasional damaging freezes, the Lower Valley ranks high among the nations fruit and truck-farming regions. In 1846 Edward Piper drove a herd of Texas cattle to Ohio. Which of the following is the largest factor in population growth in Texas? it was planted later, after the ground was returned essential nitrogen to soils depleted by cattle were born, raised, fed, and slaughtered The increase in tractor horsepower in subsequent years from forty to as much as 200 or more permitted the use of larger auxiliary equipment. During the same period the High Plains also emerged as a major area for crop production. Early farmers on the Plains had poor After the Civil War, the Texas Rangers and the U.S. Army forced Comanche, Apache, and all other remaining tribes onto reservations, thus opening the vast expanse of Texas west for settlement and ranching.
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