Ordo Ab Chao (Quizzaciously Sesquipedalianized Eleemosynary), The Aztecs witnessed the smallpox epidemic's destruction personally, and this was described in the Florentine Codex. Princeton University Press, 1984. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMecham1966 (, Burkholder, Mark A. Chapter 1: The Collision of Cultures QUIZ Flashcards | Quizlet "Viceroyalty, Viceroy" in, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFEncyclopedia_of_Latin_and_mexicpo_is_the_best_History_and_Culture1996 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFLockhartSchwartz1983 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFBennassar2001 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFGibson1966 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFAltmanClineJavier_Pescador2003 (, Ramrez, Susan E. "Missions: Spanish America" in, sfn error: no target: CITEREFBrading1993 (, Don, Patricia Lopes. [116], After the reign of Philip II, the municipal offices, including the councilors, were auctioned to alleviate the need for money of the Crown, even the offices could also be sold, which became hereditary,[117] so that the government of the cities went on to hands of urban oligarchies. In 1898, the United States achieved victory in the SpanishAmerican War with Spain, ending the Spanish colonial era. As with many other royal posts, these positions were sold, starting in 1677. There was quite a bit of gold coming in. American colonies, also called thirteen colonies or colonial America, the 13 British colonies that were established during the 17th and early 18th centuries in what is now a part of the eastern United States. [citation needed], Of the history of the indigenous population of California, Sherburne F. Cook (18961974) was the most painstakingly careful researcher. In Peru, the attempt of the newly appointed viceroy, Blasco Nez Vela, to implement the New Laws so soon after the conquest sparked a revolt by conquerors against the viceroy and the viceroy was killed in 1546. Where getting that wealth required human labor, they enslaved the local people. The Spanish conquest. The reorganization of administration has been called "a revolution in government. The Chichimeca in northern Mexico, the Comanche in the northern Great Plains and the Mapuche in southern Chile and the pampas of Argentina resisted Spanish conquest. Direct link to braydon.cook's post Who had? Their central official and ceremonial area was built on top of Aztec palaces and temples. [101], During the early colonial period, the crown authorized friars of Catholic religious orders (Franciscans, Dominicans, and Augustinians) to function as priests during the conversion of indigenous populations. Las Casas spent his long life attempting to defend the indigenous populations and to enlist the Spanish crown in establishing protections for them, seen most prominently in the enactment of the New Laws of 1542, restricting Spaniards' inheritance of encomiendas. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Bartolome de Las Casas | Biography, Books, Quotes, Significance The Jesuits resisted crown control, refusing to pay the tithe on their estates that supported the ecclesiastical hierarchy and came into conflict with bishops. Their colonial governments reflected the model of a two-house Parliament and long-cherished civil liberties. In 1574, Philip II promulgated the Order of Patronage (Ordenaza del Patronato) ordering the religious orders to turn over their parishes to the secular clergy, a policy that secular clerics had long sought for the central areas of empire, with their large indigenous populations. A number of friars in the early period came to the vigorous defense of the indigenous populations, who were new converts to Christianity. In 1500 the city of Nueva Cdiz was founded on the island of Cubagua, Venezuela, followed by the founding of Santa Cruz by Alonso de Ojeda in present-day Guajira peninsula. parliament), administrative or ecclesiastical institution, or seigneurial group. [114] In areas of previous indigenous empires with settled populations, the crown also melded existing indigenous rule into a Spanish pattern, with the establishment of cabildos and the participation of indigenous elites as officials holding Spanish titles. [40], One of the colonists who conquered Puerto Rico, Juan Ponce de Len, is commonly given credit for being the first European to sight Florida in 1513. Enslaved Africans were imported to Spanish territories, primarily to Cuba. They founded the towns of Coro and Maracaibo. Religious orders had their own internal regulations and leadership. Question 1. 1531); Guadalajara (153142); Valladolid (now Morelia), (152941); Antequera (now Oaxaca(152529); Campeche (1541); and Mrida. History of Latin America | Meaning, Countries, Map, & Facts Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like An unintended but very real consequence of the Great Awakening was that it reduced colonial impulses toward democracy in civic life, Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the political dynamic in the colonies, Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the slave economies of colonial North America and more. [122], Most Spanish settlers came to the Indies as permanent residents, established families and businesses, and sought advancement in the colonial system, such as membership of cabildos, so that they were in the hands of local, American-born (crillo) elites. Audiencia judgments and other functions became more tied to the locality and less to the crown and impartial justice. The monarchy took most of it, and the rest was spread across lords and ladies. [121] However, both charges were also put up for sale freely since the late 16th century. Direct link to Bailey's post So did the Caste System d, Posted 5 years ago. He became deeply indebted to the German Welser and Fugger banking families. Why didn't the spanish just leave the natives alone after the natives killed the men? [54], The Columbian Exchange was as significant as the clash of civilizations. What factors lead to their demise? The era of Imperialism is characterized by the "colonization of Americans" from the 15th to 19th centuries, and also the expansion of Japan, Europe, and the United States powers during the end of the 19th century and starting of the 20th century. The purpose, they said, was to protect the American colonists, though the actual reason probably had more to do with wanting to 'keep an eye' on them. [39] Puerto Rico was also colonized by the Spanish during this era, occasioning the earliest contact between Africans and what would become the United States (via the free Black conquistador Juan Garrido). Since their appointments were for life or the pleasure of the monarch, they had a continuity of power and authority that viceroys and captains-general lacked because of their shorter-term appointments. In the twentieth century, Garatuza's life was the subject of a 1935 film[165] and a 1986 telenovela, Martn Garatuza. [125], The other frontier institution was the religious mission to convert the indigenous populations. Hello everyone can someone help me check my answers?? Melville, Elinor G.K. A Plague of Sheep: Environmental Consequences of the Conquest of Mexico. Direct link to David Alexander's post The Spanish moved into th, Posted 3 months ago. According to the French historian Jean Dumont The Valladolid debate was a major turning point in world history In that moment in Spain appeared the dawn of the human rights. There were few Spaniards and huge indigenous populations, so utilizing indigenous intermediaries was a practical solution to the incorporation of the indigenous population into the new regime of rule. In Peru, Spaniards founded the city of Lima as their capital and its nearby port of Callao, rather than the high-altitude site of Cuzco, the center of Inca rule. More spanish blood equaled more power. Select the correct answer. The Catholic Historical Review 64.2 (1978): 168-184. Once the Spanish settlement in the Caribbean occurred, Spain and Portugal formalized a division of the world between them in the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas. How did the Golden Age of Spain communicate similar ideals to that of the Spanish colonization project? Mercury was a monopoly of the crown. "California Indian Characteristics". Question 2. Lesson summary: The Spanish empire (article) | Khan Academy Timeline showing some of the major events and the earliest European colonies in North America. Although implementation was slow and incomplete, it was an assertion of royal power over the clergy and the quality of parish priests improved, since the Ordenanza mandated competitive examination to fill vacant positions. Spain gained immense wealth from this expansionism, which translated into an influx of Spanish art and cultural capital. Held in the Colegio de San Gregorio, in the Spanish city of Valladolid, it was a moral and theological debate about the colonization of the Americas, its justification for the conversion to Catholicism and more specifically about the relations between the European settlers and the natives of the New World. Borah, Woodrow. The conquest of central Mexico sparked further Spanish conquests, following the pattern of conquered and consolidated regions being the launching point for further expeditions. [109] They were the "center of the administrative system [and] gave the government of the Indies a strong basis of permanence and continuity. Cane sugar imported from the Old World was a high value, a low bulk export product that became the bulwark of tropical economies of the Caribbean islands and coastal Tierra Firme (the Spanish Main), as well as Portuguese Brazil. The British Empire offered support, wanting to end the Spanish monopoly on trade with its colonies in the Americas. Inspired by tales of rivers of gold and timid, malleable native peoples, later Spanish explorers were relentless in their quest for land and gold. [135], Native populations declined significantly during the period of Spanish expansion. How did native people shape the course of Spanish conquest? Lockhart and Schwartz, Early Latin America, pp. Settled from the south were Buenos Aires (1536, 1580); Asuncin (1537); Potos (1545); La Paz, Bolivia (1548); and Tucumn (1553). Direct link to skyler karrick's post i think those dresses loo. 1496: Santo Domingo, the first European permanent settlement, is built. [79], The Valladolid debate (15501551) was the first moral debate in European history to discuss the rights and treatment of a colonized people by colonizers. In Mexico, refining took place in haciendas de minas, where silver ore was refined into pure silver by amalgamation with mercury in what was known as the patio process. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1992. Mining regions in both Mexico were remote, outside the zone of indigenous settlement in central and southern Mexico Mesoamerica, but mines in Zacatecas (founded 1548) and Guanajuato (founded 1548) were key hubs in the colonial economy. Spaniards had seen the disappearance of the indigenous populations in the Caribbean, and with that, the disappearance of their main source of wealth, propelling Spaniards to expand their regions of control. Which statement accurately describes Spanish colonization in the New World A. Lockhart and Schwartz, Early Latin America, pp. Dominican friar Antonio de Montesinos denounced Spanish cruelty and abuse in a sermon in 1511, which comes down to us in the writings of Dominican friar Bartolom de las Casas. 37 Questions Show answers. Spaniards saw the dense populations of indigenous peoples as an important economic resource and the territory claimed as potentially producing great wealth for individual Spaniards and the crown. The royal official in charge of a district was the Corregidor, who was appointed by the viceroy, usually for a five-year term. In the fall of 1528, Spanish explorer lvar Nez Cabeza de Vaca landed on present day Follet's Island, Texas. In Mexico, Bishop Juan de Zumrraga prosecuted and had executed in 1539 a Nahua lord, known as Don Carlos of Texcoco for apostasy and sedition for having converted to Christianity and then renounced his conversion and urged others to do so as well. For Spaniards, the fierce Chichimecas barred them for exploiting mining resources in northern Mexico. [102], In 1524 the Council of the Indies was established, following the system of system of Councils that advised the monarch and made decisions on his behalf about specific matters of government. However, the name was typically used to refer to the peninsula itself as well as the Gulf Coast, Georgia, Carolina, and southern Virginia. Spanish conquerors holding grants of indigenous labor in encomienda ruthlessly exploited them. It consisted of a number of opposing views about the way natives were to be integrated into colonial life, their conversion to Christianity and their rights and obligations. 1493: The colony of La Isabela is established on the island of Hispaniola. The region overseen by the archbishop was divided into large units, the diocese, headed by a bishop. During the early Age of Discovery, the diocesan clergy in Spain was poorly educated and considered of a low moral standing, and the Catholic Monarchs were reluctant to allow them to spearhead evangelization. House of Welser in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. history of Latin America, history of the region from the pre-Columbian period and including colonization by the Spanish and Portuguese beginning in the 15th century, the 19th-century wars of independence, and developments to the end of the 20th century. The Franciscans arrived first in 1525 in a group of twelve, the Twelve Apostles of Mexico. In central Mexico, there exist minutes of the sixteenth-century meetings in Nahuatl of the Tlaxcala cabildo. [51] Like previous conquistadors, Oate engaged in widespread abuses of the Indian population. "Social climbers: Changing patterns of mobility among the Indians of colonial Peru." the stock market crash of 1929 caused the great depression. 1494: Columbus arrives in Jamaica. Viceroys were of high social standing, almost without exception born in Spain, and served fixed terms. In the 1480s, Pope Sixtus IV had granted Portugal the right to all land south of the Cape Verde islands, leading the Portuguese king to claim that the lands discovered by Columbus belonged to Portugal, not Spain. [30] South of the Bo-Bo River the Mapuche successfully reversed colonization with the Destruction of the Seven Cities in 15991604. According to Cook, the indigenous Californian population at first contact, in 1769, was about 310,000 and had dropped to 25,000 by 1910. ", Weber, David J. As the colonial economy became more diversified and less dependent on these mechanisms for the accumulation of wealth, the indigenous noblemen became less important for the economy. The empire was formed by and under the command of Marshal Jean-Bdel Bokassa, military dictator and president of the Central African Republic, on 4 December 1976. The Franciscans took over some former Jesuit missions and continued the expansion of areas incorporated into the empire. [70], After the end of the period of conquests, it was necessary to manage extensive and different territories with a strong bureaucracy. Many institutions established in Castile found expression in The Indies from the early colonial period. This resulted in a strengthening of the ---4--- cause at the expensive of --5--, Identify the cities in the modern United States that were . 87-88. Cacao beans for chocolate emerged as an export product as Europeans developed a taste for sweetened chocolate. The cities were Spanish and the countryside indigenous. It has been estimated that over 1.86 million Spaniards emigrated to Latin America in the period between 1492 and 1824, with millions more continuing to immigrate following independence. Pedro de Mendoza and Domingo Martnez de Irala, who led the original expedition, went inland and founded Asuncin, Paraguay, which became the Spaniards' base. Inquisitional powers were initially vested in bishops, who could root out idolatry and heresy. The labor of dense populations of Tainos were allocated as grants to Spanish settlers in an institution known as the encomienda, where particular indigenous settlements were awarded to individual Spaniards. Image credit: By 1600, Spain had reaped substantial monetary benefits from New World resources. [48] The crown later sent him to Asuncin, Paraguay to be adelantado there. [156], For the conquest of Mexico, a 2019 eight-episode Mexican TV miniseries Hernn depicts the conquest of Mexico. They also imported cane sugar, which was a high-value crop in early Spanish America. Later conquests in Mexico were protracted campaigns with less immediate results than the conquest of the Aztec Empire. 1992. In Peru, Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro (1471-1541) demanded that the Incan Emperor Atahualpa (ca. from other nations, thus boosting its colonial popula-tion. Q4 . From that misperception the Spanish called the indigenous peoples of the Americas, "Indians" (indios), lumping a multiplicity of civilizations, groups, and individuals into a single category. The diocese was in turn divided into smaller units, the parish, staffed by a parish priest. Although during the rule of Charles V, the Spanish Empire was the first to be called "The empire on which the sun never sets", under Philip II the permanent colonization of the Philippine Islands made it demonstrably true. Hispanic American Historical Review 50.4 (1970): 645-664. 1 (2012): 26-40. The officials of the royal treasury at each level of government typically included two to four positions: a tesorero (treasurer), the senior official who guarded money on hand and made payments; a contador (accountant or comptroller), who recorded income and payments, maintained records, and interpreted royal instructions; a factor, who guarded weapons and supplies belonging to the king, and disposed of tribute collected in the province; and a veedor (overseer), who was responsible for contacts with native inhabitants of the province, and collected the king's share of any war booty. 1492: La Navidad is established on the island of Hispaniola; it was destroyed by the following year. Castile and Aragon were ruled jointly by their respective monarchs, but they remained separate kingdoms. The two major colonial powers in Latin America were Spain and Portugal.. Queen Isabel was the first monarch that laid the first stone for the protection of the indigenous peoples in her testament in which the Catholic monarch prohibited the enslavement of the indigenous peoples of the Americas. The first settlement of La Navidad, a crude fort built on his first voyage in 1492, had been abandoned by the time he returned in 1493. Rodrigo de Bastidas was first to establish Spain's claim to the isthmus, sailing along the Darin coast in March 1501, but he made no settlement. Free and enslaved Africans were a feature of New Spain throughout the colonial period. David Stannard historian and professor of American Studies at the University of Hawaii compares the genocidal process in two cases of colonization, and says that the British did not need massive labor as the Spanish, but land: "And therein lies the central difference between the genocide committed by the Spanish and that of the Anglo-Americans . But the indigenous allies had much to gain by throwing off Aztec rule. 84-85. In Hispaniola, the indigenous Tano pre-contact population before the arrival of Columbus of several hundred thousand had declined to sixty thousand by 1509. To satisfy his debts to the Welsers, he granted them the right to colonize and exploit western Venezuela, with the proviso that they found two towns with 300 settlers each and construct fortifications. In 1532 at the Battle of Cajamarca a group of Spaniards under Francisco Pizarro and their indigenous Andean Indian auxiliaries native allies ambushed and captured the Emperor Atahualpa of the Inca Empire. Treasury officials were supposed to be paid out of the income from the province, and were normally prohibited from engaging in income-producing activities.[76]. Inspired by tales of rivers of gold and timid, malleable native peoples, later Spanish explorers were relentless in their quest for land and gold. Muldoon, James. [164] Seventeenth-century Mexican trickster Martn Garatuza was the subject of a late nineteenth-century novel by Mexican politician and writer, Vicente Riva Palacio. As the indigenous populations declined, the need for corregimiento decreased and then suppressed, with the alcalda mayor remaining an institution until it was replaced in the eighteenth-century Bourbon Reforms by royal officials, Intendants. "John Francis Bannon and the Historiography of the Spanish Borderlands: Retrospect and Prospect. A checkerboard pattern radiated outward. The United States took occupation of Cuba, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico. Spaniards continued to expand their presence in the circum-Caribbean region with expeditions. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which of the following was a primary feature of social relations established in the Spanish colonies in the Western Hemisphere?, In their colonization of the Americas, the Spanish used the encomienda system to, Which of the following statements about the population of North America at the time of Christopher Columbus' voyages is .
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